How Did World War II Affect Surgical Procedures - 1122 Words

How did World War II affect surgical procedures from 1945 to 1965? Plan of Investigation Surgery done in World War II strongly influenced post World War II surgical procedures. It is important because many major surgeries done today such as heart surgery and organ transplantation were discovered during World War II. Sources for this study will be found from the Klein Oak Library and Gale online sources also professional journals will be found from ABC Clio and JSTOR. A source that talks about how surgical procedures like organ transplantation were affected by World War II is, â€Å"How World War II led to organ transplants, and other life-saving inventions.† Another source that underlines the importance of World War II and how it transforms surgical procedures is, â€Å"Rehabilitation and Reconstructive Surgery.† Summary of Evidence Surgical procedures done after World War II would not be the same without the impact of World War II. Many doctors had patients that would die of many different reasons that doctors had not yet explored. There was a lot of pioneering surgery that was done throughout World War II because there were many different types of wounds on which doctors had never worked on. A famous pioneer surgeon, Sir Archibald McIndoe, contributed many of the plastic surgery that is done today. He pioneered most of these surgeries in the Battle of Britain during World War II. Most of these surgeries were done on pilots because the fuel from the planes would catch fire whenShow MoreRelatedShowing Demography Through Human Populations1051 Words   |  5 Pagesunderlying factors? Between both sexes before and after 1950 from discriminating factors? What types of factors, and why? II. Hypotheses Within death rates and the factors that affect them, I hypothesize that death rates of both males and females will be higher in the younger populations before 1950 than after because of the medical advances we have made in technology, the wars before 1950, and other outlying factors such as lower awareness of the people, and widespread epidemic-level diseases. IRead MoreBreast Cancer Among Women 1457 Words   |  6 Pagesrate of survive for breast cancer by removing the cancer cell from the breast. In recent studies, the number of women getting breast cancer has increasing over the years. However, researchers and doctor’s comparability treat breast the same way they did 20 years ago. In recent history, women have one of the highest death rate due to breast cancer is than any other cancers. According to the article Breast Cancer Trends Among Young Women In The United States, there is a one in eight (12%) that womenRead MoreThe Decision For A Company2570 Words   |  11 Pages demanded. Changes in the price of plastic surgery do not affect the number of operations. Quantity demanded is quite responsive to changes in price. The marginal revenue of another operation is negative. Inelastic is defined as â€Å"relatively unresponsive to changes, as demand when it fails to increase in proportion to a decrease in price† (Dictionary, 2015). While pressure to remain â€Å"young† runs rampant throughout the country and world, the world of plastic surgery will continue to be a business thatRead MoreA Research On The Nursing Field1716 Words   |  7 Pages Hey you LPN, Can you get the nurse I have a question to ask them? A common phrase heard in the nursing world and often makes the LPN feel inadequate and frustrated. The nursing field is one that is rich in history and diversity. The registered nurse has been the backbone of the nursing world for many years; however, many people recognize the license practical nurse or license vocational nurse particularly in the geriatric community. LPN/LVN in this setting perform many of the same tasks as theRead MoreCataracts Research Paper4194 Words   |  17 Pagesat the back of the eye. The retina turns ligh t into a neurologic signal that the brains takes and then interprets it to be vision. What cataracts do is block the light passing through the lens therefore causing visual symptoms and complaints. Where did the term cataracts derive from? Cataracts derived from the Greek term cataractos, which describes rapidly running water. To show the connection between the two terms, when water is turbulent it is transformed from a clear medium to white and cloudyRead MoreHenrietta Lacks s Case, Problems That Were Deeper Than Money2014 Words   |  9 Pagesargue in this essay Rebecca Skloot would uncover other issues in Henrietta Lacks’s case, problems that were deeper than money. Skloot’s challenging time discovering what really did happen to Henrietta and her cells lead to her uncovering issues that were extremely unethical. An example of an immoral issue was learning how African Americans were experimented on without their knowledge. An argument that’s apparent througho ut the book is whether the doctor had the right to take Henrietta’s cells withoutRead MoreMga Uri Ng Pagsulat5939 Words   |  24 Pagesstomates, on leaves.   Stomatal transpiration accounts for most of the water loss by a plant, but some direct evaporation also takes place through the surfaces of the epidermal cells of the leaves. The amount of water given off depends somewhat upon how much water the roots of the plant have absorbed.   It also depends upon such environmental conditions as sunlight, humidity, winds and temperature.   A plant should not be transplanted in full sunshine because it may lose too much water and wilt beforeRead MoreThe Positive and Negative Effects of Technological Advancements2437 Words   |  10 PagesCez Danielle M. Lagbas Technological advancement, with no doubt, is such a huge impact in shaping the world. As humans, unlike any other living creature, we have the ability to use our mind for reasoning. Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense of things, for establishing and verifying facts, and changing or justifying practices, institutions, and beliefs based on new or existing information.[1] With this power, we are able to imagine things, and with our clever minds, we areRead MoreEugenics Should be Abolished Essay3265 Words   |  14 Pageshad a significant role in the development of Western society. There have been laws established by its presence and a war fought to cease its progress. To analyze the philosophy of and the actions due to eugenics, one must look at the past and see what contributions eugenics has made to events in history. One must also look at the present applications of eugenics and how they affect the lives of people. With these two directions, one can see that bec ause it is racist, encourages immoral actions andRead MoreEssay about Professional Presence and Influence2353 Words   |  10 Pagesput refused and tell the doctor.’ This client needs educated about his/her choice. Most of the time, the client does not realize how refusing the medication can have a negative effect on his/her body overtime. Models and Professional Presence Dr. Larry Dossey has recognized three major periods in the history of medicine: Era I medicine (mechanical medicine), Era II medicine (psychosomatic medicine), and Era III medicine (nonlocal medicine). Era I mechanical medicine and which started approximately

We Are A Divided Society - 1744 Words

We are a divided society. We like to categorize ourselves according to political affiliation, race, and religion. We are members of the middle, low-income, or wealthy classes. We choose what seats to sit in during a football game according to the team we are rooting for. It is oddly comforting to know that you belong. All too often, transgender youth are denied that sense of belonging because they defy societies categories of male and female. Society’s collective response of marginalization, shaming, and violence negatively impacts transgender youth and their mental health. Expanding our view beyond the gender binary could increase understanding and tolerance. Understanding and tolerance creates acceptance. Acceptance means everyone would belong. Our society often uses sex and gender interchangeably, but an important distinction needs to be made between these two terms. In biology, organisms are classified as either female or male based on their reproductive organs, chromosome s, and hormones. Differing physical characteristics become apparent with maturity. While sex is anatomically based, gender is more complex. It is a social construct encompassing the attributes and behaviors that society deems appropriate for that gender. Social norms in the Unites States reflect a gender binary, hence there are cultural expectations for women and a different set for men. Nurturing, aggressive, reckless, polite, flirtatious, strong, independent could describe either a male or a female,Show MoreRelatedDivided we govern 1. When Mayhew speaks of a divided government, he means that the 2 parties that600 Words   |  3 PagesDivided we govern 1. When Mayhew speaks of a divided government, he means that the 2 parties that are in control divide the government, with one party primarily in control at one time. 2. Conventional wisdom has assumed that the US government functions more effectively when one party controls both the presidency and the congress, yet divided governments are increasingly the norm. The author looks at this issue and concludes that control by one party has made little difference. 3. Even if importantRead MoreSocial Stratification in Modern Capitalist Societies1457 Words   |  6 Pagesin modern capitalist societies. Analyze this statement by addressing the following questions/topics; 1. What is social stratification? Why are class, caste, gender and ethnicity considered to be systems of stratification? Answer- Social stratification is the division of society into different groups in a pattern of ranking. In simple sentence, social stratification means inequalities between different groups of people. It is division of a large group of society and their unequal accessRead MoreSocial Stratification in Modern Capitalist Societies1447 Words   |  6 Pagesin modern capitalist societies. Analyze this statement by addressing the following questions/topics; 1. What is social stratification? Why are class, caste, gender and ethnicity considered to be systems of stratification? Answer- Social stratification is the division of society into different groups in a pattern of ranking. In simple sentence, social stratification means inequalities between different groups of people. It is division of a large group of society and their unequal accessRead MoreCauses of Fallen Regimes635 Words   |  3 PagesAll societies and regimes fall eventually, no matter how perfect they may seem to be. Even the United States will fall at some point. Many great societies diminish and ultimately fail due to political imbalancement, a lack of physical resources, and civil wars. Nazi Germany, Ancient Rome, Pre-Civil War America, and the society from the novel Divergent by Veronica Roth all stand accused. One common reason for the downfall of many societies is political imbalancement. This is true for the society inRead MoreVerizon Benefits From A High Customer Retention Rate1481 Words   |  6 PagesCommunities Verizon attempts to utilize technology to solve the largest problems in society. Verizon places particular emphasis on education, healthcare and sustainability in the communities they are located. Verizon corporate initiatives promote females in STEM education. Verizon believes that most jobs in the future will focus on STEM disciplines. Americans are not as competitive around the world in these disciplines as we should be. Verizon s healthcare initiatives focus on remotely connecting patientsRead MoreComparison Between Plato And Plato732 Words   |  3 PagesThe analogy of the divided line that Plato proposed dealt with two sections divided into two more sections. The bottom part of the line can be labeled as what is not, here contains what is of the imagination or copies of the sensible and or images. Moving up the divided line, we then reach the top of the bottom sections, which contains the belief or the sensible. Entering the first part of the top section, what is thought or the scientific forms are encountered. Following that section at the topRead MoreKarl Marx s Influence On Society962 Words   |  4 PagesThe readings about Karl Marx during these past weeks have been very interesting. Through the reading I have been able to see how Marx sees, analyses, and discusses about society. Marx is able to do this by allowing us to see through his perspective, experiences, and the history that he has learned throughout the years. Many concepts have come up in the reading but the ones that have stood out to me are alienation, exploitation, and class structure. Alienation and exploitation go hand in hand,Read MoreCivilization Is An Essential Design1000 Words   |  4 PagesCivilization is an essential design. Civilization, to some extent is a prominent basis of cultural and technological progression. It is the rectification of thoughts and manners in society. Without civilizations, the world as we know it would not be. A civilization develops superfluous of things that help the people be a stable community. These build up an outline for the advancement and rise of the empire. Government is also existent in civilizations. Likewise, the Roman Civilization is an essenceRead MoreConcepts of the Seduced and the Repressed1601 Words   |  7 Pagesarguments: 1/ Bauman’s argument that we are divided into seduced and the repressed. Looking at page 25 to 27 in Making Social Lives. 2/ Understanding consumption 2/ Concept of positive and zero sum power about supermarket power. . Paragraphs in main body. 1/ Explain Bauman’s argument and give evidence. Explain Bauman’s concepts of the seduced and the repressed. Evidence to support Bauman’s argument. 2/ Who are the seduced and the repressed 3/ Divisions in consumer society – ability and access to useRead MorePositive Functions of Deviance1641 Words   |  7 PagesWhen we hear of the word â€Å"deviance†, what we immediately think of is something that is negative, something you would not want to be associated with, that is, we think of universally unaccepted things like murder and rape, or we think of the disabled or blind man begging at the street corner. As a result we view deviance as something that should be removed from society and once society becomes free of deviance, it becomes healthy and close to perfect. According to Aggleton (1987: 7), â€Å"deviance could

Verbatim Theatre and Aprils Fool Essay Example For Students

Verbatim Theatre and Aprils Fool Essay Good morning, my name is Phoenix Robinson and today I will be speaking about the recording of the live stage performance Aprils Fool ? by David Burton. This presentation with focus on Verbatim Theatre, which is the style of play Aprils Fool is. Other aspects of this oral presentation will be the educational purpose of this performance and the elements of drama *List on Slides* as seen next to me. Aprils Fool is based off the true story about a young Australian boy named Kristjan Terauds who in April 2009, just a mere two weeks short of his nineteenth birthday died due to abuse of drugs and exposure to pneumonia. The live performance follows the story of his family, it displays their heartache, their anger and their regret. The moving performance engages captivates and shocks the audience. Verbatim theatre is a form of theatre that is written completely by the real spoken and written words of those involved. The playwright (David Burton) would have had to interview those who were affected by Kristjans death, meaning his mother, father, his grandparents, his siblings and his friends. The father had also written a journal that contributed greatly to the writing of the script. Verbatim plays are often focused on politics and disasters. Famous verbatim productions include: The Kings Speech and The Diary of Anne Frank. In the production of Aprils Fool there is no appearance of Kristjan, and even though he is not there you still understand the effect that he had upon others. This is shown through verbatim theatre. The setting of a play is like that of a film or short story, the setting relates to the time and place in which the dramatic events take place. Unlike films and stories, on a stage the setting dominates the audience and improves the overall experience. The setting of a live performance establishes the atmosphere and overall mood of the production. This is shown in Aprils Fool through the projection of certain images onto a white sheet, for example when in the hospital slow moving people where reflected onto the sheets to provide a sad yet safe atmosphere. Human Context refers to the roles, relationships and situations within the performance. There are a range different people in this performance, Kristjans family (brother, sister, his parents and grandparents), his friends who he did the drugs with, and even a few girls from tafe. These people and the relationships they have with Kristjan are shown throughout the play, the irresponsible friends, the worried siblings and the love from all. The live stage performance Aprils Fool is performed mostly in the hospital really letting the thought of how easily this kind of thing can happen, the educational purpose here is to show that there is no need to take drugs, it doesnt matter if your friends are doing it because what happened to Kristjan could happen to you. The mood of a performance is strongly brought out by the setting although things like lighting, music and the visual effects can also evoke emotion and create a mood. Aprils Fool used these aspects to it advantage, the lights dim when needed music and sound effects are played to enhance the performance and the actors and projections top it off. This helps to both create a life like experience and a realistic representation of the emotions people ion that situation feel.

Evaluate different approaches to supporting positive behaviour free essay sample

Evaluate different approaches to supporting positive behaviour. When supporting positive behaviour there is lots of different approaches, most practitioners find they need to draw on several of these: Reinforcing positive behaviour; this approach is well known and focusses on praising children when they have shown positive behaviour so they will be more likely to repeat this behaviour. Modelling; this approach is extremely important as children learn some of their behaviour from others so it is important to role model good behaviour which includes being polite, being patience and showing consideration for others. Positive culture ; This means it is important to be positive about a child and not expect them to be difficult as it seems children can sense the level of behaviour expected from them and will meet these expectations. 024.6.1 Explain how to support children and young people experiencing different types of transitions. The starting point in supporting children and young people is ensuring they have someone they can rely on, someone they already have a positive relationship with. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluate different approaches to supporting positive behaviour or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is also important to explain to them what is likely to happen, to be truthful and answer questions they may have. When explaining to children/young people it is important to allow them time for the information to be processed, with younger children it is good to feed them information little by little. Another important aspect of supporting children is to listen to and acknowledge their feelings by doing this it can help children as they then feel they are being taken seriously. The most important thing is to reassure the child/young person that what they are feeling is normal and also whatever may happen they will be safe and secure.

Malcolm X Essays (617 words) - African-American Muslims,

Malcolm X I read an excerpt from the book, The Autobiography of Malcolm X, by Malcolm X and Alex Haley. In this part of the book Malcolm discusses his quest for knowledge. He starts off by telling us about how he wrote his Harlem, hustler friends and told them all about Allah and Mr. Elijah Muhammad, the two main figures in the Islam religion. He never got a single reply and figured it was because the average hustler and criminal couldnt read. He also thought that maybe they thought he had gone crazy, because after all he was writing them about the devil; the white devil. Maybe his letters never even got there. White men, men who might have just thrown the letters out, censored all of his mail. However, no one ever said anything to him about them or ever treated him differently because of it. As Malcolm X be3gan to write more letters to a wide variety of people he became frustrated with the fact that he could not communicate with them as he wanted to. It was because of these letters that I happened to stumble upon starting to acquire some kind of homemade education. He hated it because he had been the most articulate hustler on the streets of Harlem, and could get anyones attention with his words. He was admired for the eloquent words he spoke and was not used to being ignored. For now even the simplest English was hard for him to write. His quest for an education had begun, but it would be a long one. He decries how it all really began while he was being held at the Charlestown Prison. Bimbi, a fellow prisoner, was very intelligent and Malcolm envied his gift. Bimbi encouraged him to read and Malcolm would try but would end up quitting because he would skip the words he didnt know and keep reading. The problem with this was that he could never fully understand what he was reading and would put the book down. So he decided that he needed to learn how to read and write properly. He decided that the best way to go about it would be to get a hold of a copy of a dictionary and study it. He requested a dictionary, some pencils and some pads of paper. When he first got the book he spent a while just looking through it wondering where to start. He decided that the best place to start would be with the As. So he just started copying. He copied every word and punctuation mark on the first page. It took him the entire day, and when he finished he read aloud what he had written over and over again. The next day he woke up thinking about the words that he had written and to his surprise he even remembered what some of them meant. So he went back over the list again until he knew what every word meant. He was so fascinated that he copied the next page and had the same experience when he woke up the next morning and reviewed them. He eventually copied the entire dictionary while he was in prison. As his word-base broadened he was able to pick up a book and read it all the way through. Being able to do his made him feel important and smart. He became so good at reading that he spent all of his free time reading, and because of this his time in jail went by quickly. In fact, up to then, I never had been so truly free in my life. English Essays

none1 essays

none1 essays Introduction Hyper inflation has plagued most of the worlds developing countries over the past decades. Countries in the industrialised world, too, have at times duelled with dangerously high inflation rates in the post WWII era. With varying degrees of success, all have employed great efforts to bring their inflation rates within acceptable limits. Generally, a moderate rate of inflation has been the ultimate goal. More recently, however, a few countries have pursued policies that strive to eradicate inflation altogether through complete price stability. This has proven to be a contentious enterprise, which clearly indicates that there is still no universally accepted solution to the inflation problem. Indeed, there is not even an agreed consensus regarding the source of inflation itself. The monetarist perception that the root of inflation is solely the excessive creation of money remains. So too does the belief that inflation originates in the labour market. And amongst a variety of others, the opinion that inflation serves the critical social purpose of resolving incompatible demands by different groups is also strong. This last, and more widely accepted, case shows that the problem is hardly a technical one; but rather a political one. It highlights the now unquestionable fact that politics and inflation are inextricably linked. And as with all inherently political issues, consensus is difficult, if not impossible, to achieve. But, political characteristics do provide flexibility. In some countries, high rates of inflation have clearly been compatible with rapid economic growth and fast rising standards of living. In such cases, it is quite reasonable to suggest that higher rates of inflation are acceptableperhaps even necessary. In this setting, it is by no means clear that pursing a policy to stop moderate inflation is either required, or in the best interests of the mass of the population at all. While infla...

Welfare, a Broken System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Welfare, a Broken System - Essay Example This essay discusses that the policy of most states, given their new discretionary powers, is and will continue to be to ‘persuade’ women off welfare roles and to work outside of the home, many times well outside the home, with no regard as to their families’ needs. Because of federal budgetary constraints, the safety net of welfare benefits and programs such as Medicare that assist impoverished children is expected to diminish. The welfare system as it stands today is lacking in resources and innovative methods by which to alleviate child poverty despite the extensive welfare restructuring in the U.S. and its continued expansion. It would be a gross understatement to declare that the U.S. welfare system does not compare to European countries. Most countries in Europe have opposing views to those in the U.S. regarding the virtues of a comprehensive welfare system. The U.S. version of welfare largely subsists in the temporary benefits provided to a fraction of the most impoverished of families. Other monetary benefits to families are practically nonexistent. By contrast, in Sweden and Germany for example, benefits are made available to all citizens regardless of earnings. It is a cruel irony. The U.S. is the most powerful economic society in the history of the world yet is not willing to ease the miseries of those in desperate poverty residing within its own borders. European countries that have had their economies decimated by two world wars over the last hundred years yet still take care of their own.

The Problem of Moral Judgment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Problem of Moral Judgment - Essay Example It is reality beyond suspicion that every political establishment and social set up observes some specific code of law that permits or prohibits the actions of the people, violation of which declares the law breakers as offenders and punishment and penalties are inflicted upon them. Nevertheless, moral values maintain imperative worth everywhere in the world and no society can do away without moral values altogether. Consequently, moral judgment has been debatable subject for theorists, scholars, intellectuals and philosophers since ever. The theorists are in conflict regarding the evaluation of moral judgment. One group of the scholars, led by Sir Bertrand Russell, views moral judgment as entirely the outcome of one’s personal opinion about the goodness or evil of an action i.e. subjectivism, while the other school of thought, led by Blanchard, views moral judgment to be based on objectivism, where it is estimated on the foundation of universal morality and truthfulness, and thus it has no relation with the personal yardstick to measure whether an act or intention is virtue and right or vice and wrong. Hence, conflict of opinion makes moral judgment a problem to be solved in an intellectual manner. Renowned philosopher Ewing is an arch supporter of the idea of objectivism. He is of the opinion that a person cannot be wrong in making statement regarding moral judgment, and thus his views are valid and accurate that must be accepted to be true and apposite one. Moral judgment is a complex phenomenon; consequently it cannot be made by everyone without analyzing the available facts and figures. On the contrary, scholars and intellectuals endorse their statements to accept or reject its validity. No Continuity/Unity to Subjective Agreements: Ewing has explained his argument in six points in favor of the opinion he has made while defining moral judgment, where he submits to state that it seldom occurs in real life while

Stats Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stats - Essay Example The median age of the buyer is 46 years and the middle half of the buyer’s age is in-between 40 years and 52.25 years (interquartile range = 12.25 years). The minimum and maximum age of the buyers are 21 years and 73 years, respectively. There are 4 mild outliers (21, 72, 72, and 73 years) in the data, as one buyer age is under 21.6 years (below the lower inner fence) and three buyers age is above 70.6 years (above the upper inner fence). There are no extreme outliers in the data. b. As shown in the scatter diagram depicting the relationship between vehicle profits and age of the buyer, there appears a positive linear relationship between vehicle profits and age of the buyer. The profits on vehicles for younger buyers are less as compared to the profits on vehicles for older buyers. Thus, Applewood Auto Group’s marketing departments belief that younger buyers purchase vehicles on which lower profits are earned and the older buyers purchase vehicles on which higher profits are earned is correct. d. Based on the above analysis, the Applewood Auto Group should go ahead with the advertising campaign as planned. The correlation coefficient value of 0.262 suggests that there is a weak positive linear relationship between vehicle profits and age of the buyer. The coefficient of determination value of 0.068 indicates that buyer’s age explains about 6.8% variation in vehicle profit. Thus, the buyer’s age has a small effect on vehicle profit. However, since, the sample size is very large (n = 180), this relationship is statistically significant. Therefore, the Applewood Auto Group’s marketing department should use this information as part of an upcoming advertising campaign to try to attract older buyers on which the profits tend to be higher. As shown in figure 1, there appears an increasing trend in house prices in the UK, London and North East from 1986 until 2013. In the year 1986, the average house price in the London, North East and UK were

The Success of the First Crusade

The Success of the First Crusade The first crusade was a military expedition by European Christians to regain the holy lands and occurred in 1095. It was viewed as an unprecedented success by historians of the day and by contemporary historians. The reasons for this great success, if it can be named great at all, are numerous. From Pope Urban IIs fiery call to arms at the Council of Clermont, to the lack of preparation from the Turks, there are many reasons for this success. Indeed the extreme faith displayed by the crusaders, the quality of their leaders, and the allies which they gained during their extensive journey were further factors which contributed to their success. After receiving the call for military aid from Alexius I, the Byzantine Emperor in 1095, Pope Urban II seized upon this opportunity for him to renew Papal control and influence in the east and to reunite the churches of Rome and Constantinople. Through his highly charismatic sermon given on 27th November 1095 at the Council of Clermont, Urban was able to arouse enthusiasm from the clergy and nobles present for a Holy War on the Muslims in the east. They then went out to their diocese and spread the command of a call to arms from God. This call to arms created a huge influx of people from all works of life and they were all keen to embark on this pilgrimage to the holy land. This was a good thing as more people would mean a larger army for which to defeat the Muslims with. However a lot of people who showed enthusiasm for this pilgrimage were not knights or trained soldiers but were ordinary men, women and children, and so they can be seen as more of a hindrance than of help. On the o ther hand, by there being women, usually wives, on the journey they would have undoubtedly helped the men on this hazardous journey by providing them with the necessary motivation needed to complete this pilgrimage. However the crusaders did not answer the call for arms from Pope Urban likely; they knew that it would be an arduous journey. But for most it was their undoubted faith which made them embark on this journey and it was faith which was a key factor that carried them to Jerusalem. Until recently it has been thought that one of the main motives for people embarking on the crusade was power and profit which could be gained in the supposedly lucrative east. But contemporary historians now believe that a lot of the crusaders were just devout Christians and wished to secure their place in heaven which the Pope had stated would happen if they liberated Jerusalem from the infidel. Faith is a powerful tool; it can make people push beyond their limits and to achieve unattainable goals, as is stated by Setton and Baldwin ‘without zeal and a burning faith it could never have been achieved and hence it was definitely a positive factor in helping the success of the crusaders. The crusaders wer e from all different parts of Europe and spoke many different languages. It was their belief in achieving the one aim of capturing Jerusalem that made them work effectively together as a fighting force. This can be seen when the crusaders captured Antioch. As soon as they captured Antioch, after a gruelling siege of seven months, the crusaders themselves were besieged by an army of Kerbogha of Mosuls. The crusaders were hungry and tired. Furthermore their morale was dangerously low, they were fighting night and day to keep the besiegers out, and just when they thought that all was lost a minor monk called Peter Bartholomew claimed to have discovered the holy lance in the city. This was enough of a sign to give the crusaders faith that they would win and made them fight on. On June 28th they defeated Kerboghas forces. This is a prime example to prove that it was their faith which encouraged the Crusaders to go forth and to face the enemy head on instead of giving up. The first crusaders were indeed many but they were in foreign lands, far away from home and without a reliable source of supplies and so it was important for them to make allies within the region. Though there were some troubles between the crusaders and the Byzantines, the Byzantine Emperor Alexius I was very willing to help the crusaders with supplies, a small military force and engineers. The engineers were extremely useful and necessary for the building of siege engines from which they made the capture of towns much easier. Hence the alliance with Alexius was a necessity for the success of the crusade. A further asset to the crusaders was the help from the Armenians. With their help some of the crusaders were able to conquer Edessa and hence form the first of the crusader states called the County of Edessa of which Baldwin was their ruler. Also it was an Armenian guard who Bohemond bribed at Antioch to open the cities gates. Furthermore, it was also an Armenian commander who help ed the crusaders capture Jerusalem by surrendering his tower on the main walls to them. Otherwise the crusaders quite possibly would have had to have gone through a lengthy siege in which many of them would have died. Baldwin of Boulogne also had an Armenian called Pakrad on his staff whom he relied on for advice on the area and the diplomatic stance between states and rulers. Another main ally who the crusaders had but were not as prominent was the Christian people who were already there. They tried their best to help the crusaders by giving them what provisions they could spare and by trying to help overthrow the garrisons of towns of which the crusaders were trying to capture. But there is evidence that a lot of Christians within these Muslim states were quite content with their Muslim overlords and so were not keen in helping a foreign army even if it was a Christian one. Another key factor which can be seen during the first crusade is that of the competency of the crusaders leadership. The crusaders were in the hands of experienced princes whom had seen combat in various wars. This can be seen through the tactics which they employed, such as them used on June 30th 1097 when Bohemonds army was surrounded by a Turkish army. The papal legate Adhemar of Le Puy performed an ingenious diversion of crossing the mountains to flank the enemy and come up on their rear, ‘which caused them to flee in panic and confusion'[1]. But even though the crusaders leaders were highly skilled at leading they were not always a unifying force. There was a growing tension between Raymond and Bohemond. But other than that there was not much quarrelling within the army itself. Some of the main leaders were driven to a degree by their own ambition and this sometimes led to atrocities occurring. An example of this is the massacre of 300 Norman troops who Baldwin of Boulogne had forced to camp outside the walls of his newly captured town of Tarsus because he did not trust them and hence they were slaughtered by the towns former garrison under nightfall. But through all of the bad decisions, most of the time when they were needed to unify and attack together they did just that. They worked as one army, even if they disagreed on tactics when they assaulted and besieged major cities such as Antioch and Jerusalem. Indeed the assault on Jerusalem was impeded time wise by the arguing between the leaders over who should be given Antioch, but when they eventually got there the remaining princes worked together to gain success. But the fact that most of the princes true ambitions lay in their own personal gain is shown by Bohemond who selfishly never took any further part in the crusade after becoming Prince of Antioch. He never even went to Jerusalem. This was a major reason in why it took so long for the crusaders to take Antioch, because Raymond had wanted t o storm the city but Bohemond refused and wanted to besiege it even though there wasnt enough troops to encircle the city. Bohemonds decision to siege was due to his own greed; he wanted Antioch for himself and so wanted it intact. The siege was perhaps harder on the crusaders than the defenders as they quickly ran out of food which led to desertion and cannibalism. Even though these blasphemous events were occurring, Bohemond still held the siege which shows that he didnt care much about the religious side to the crusade but by taking Antioch he did succeed in completing his own agenda and furthered the crusaders cause. One of the most important reasons for the success of the first crusade was the disunity within the Muslim nations in and around the holy land and their underestimation of the threat to which the crusaders posed. During the time of the first crusade, Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt were all under Muslim control. But they were politically and, to some extent, culturally fragmented and hence this would have certainly contributed to the success of the first crusade. These differences can be seen through the internal rivalry which had been going on between competing territories. Anatolia and Syria were controlled by the Sunni Seljuks, and used to be unified in one big empire but in 1092 Malik-Shah, the Seljuk sultan, died and his sons quarrelled over who would succeed him. So the sultans once large empire was split between the competing sons. Hence when the crusaders came marching through, these states were on the whole more concerned with consolidating their own territories and gai ning control of their neighbours, than with cooperating against the crusaders. There was also a failure to react quickly enough to the crusading threat by the Turks and the rest of the Muslim states. During the Peoples crusade The Turkish king Kilij Arslans capital, Nicaea was situated close to where the crusaders were based. He was happy enough to watch them ravage the countryside but as soon as they threatened his city he easily defeated them. This easy defeat of the Christian forces lulled him into a false sense of security. When he heard that another Christian force had amassed at Constantinople he assumed that it would be of the same type of incompetent soldiers as before and so took the majority of his army to attack a rival state, ‘he had not foreseen that the crusading army would be so strong'[2]. This same sort of misconception of the crusading forces was common among many of the Muslim leaders, and hence played a major part in the success of the first crusade. This can be proven by the failure of the second crusade. It contained around the same amount of people as the first crusade but by this time the Muslim leaders were more prepared and swiftly defeated the crusaders in two battles[3]. Even though the main reason for the success of the first crusade was the disunity between the Muslim states, all of the factors mentioned contributed to the crusades success. The crusaders allies played their part in helping the crusaders to succeed in their goals. Also the faith of the people played a major part. Their faith cannot be underestimated, it kept them going and forced them onwards to Jerusalem; it was their faith which stopped them from turning back even when they were dying from starvation and disease. It was ultimately their faith which drove them to succeed. Bibliography Asbridge, T. S. , The First Crusade: A New History,(London, 2004). Baldwin, M. W. ed. , A History of the Crusades Volume I: The First Hundred Years, (Philadelphia, 1958), pp. 177 343. Phillips, J. P. , The First Crusade: Origins and Impact, (Manchester, 1997). Phillips, J. P. , ‘Who Were the First Crusaders?, History Today 47:5 (Manchester, 1997), pp. 16-22. Riley-Smith J. , The Crusades: Idea and Reality 1095-1274, (London, 1981). Riley-Smith, J. , The First Crusade and the idea of crusading, (London, 1986). Rochester, R. W. , Military Operations in the First Crusade 1097-1099 A.D.,(Liverpool, 1955). Runciman, S. , The First Crusade, (Cambridge, 1980). Wolf, K. B. , ‘Crusade and Narrative: Bohemond and the Gesta Francorum, Journal of Medieval History 17 (Oxford, 1991), pp. 207-16. [1] M. W. Baldwin, ed. , A History of the Crusades Volume I: The First Hundred Years, (Philadelphia, 1958), p. 293. [2] M. W. Baldwin, ed. , A History of the Crusades Volume I: The First Hundred Years, (Philadelphia, 1958), p. 289. [3] J. Riley-Smith , The Crusades: Idea and Reality 1095-1274, (London, 1981), p. 14.

An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge Essay -- essays research papers

à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Ambrose Bierce weaves a tale of intrigue and captivation, by using shifts of voice and time in the story à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. In the first four paragraphs, Bierce begins the story using third person, and in this point of view, he creates reality. We can view the situation and all aspects while it is written in third person; we know precisely what is going on, we know it is real. Near the end of the fourth paragraph, the author shifts cleverly from third person to limited omniscient. After having us view the story in third person, Bierce transfers from reality, to the main characters' thought processes, having us view Peyton's thoughts and dreams also as reality. "He looked a moment at his "unsteadfast footing," then let his gaze wander to the swirling water of the stream racing madly beneath his feet." (P.67) it is here where Bierce shifts and starts to mislead us, by using Peyton Farquhar's thought processes as a filter. It is a clever shift, because in this moment, we are getting closer to the time of Farquhar's death, and we have previously read reality. Time then slows down; the explanation of the phenomenon, of Peyton Farquhars's death, is both detailed and plausible, and there is a special trick: "He closed his eyes in order to fix his last thoughts upon his wife and children"(P.67) It is in this sentence that Ambrose Bierce starts to evoke hope in the reader. The author knows th...

Record Management

Running head: Records Management Name Instructor Date of submission Executive Summary An effective records management program is an integral part of an organization’s effective business operations. Organizations must consider records management requirements when implementing the system management strategies or whenever they design and augment an electronic information system. Organizations are required by law to â€Å"make and preserve records containing adequate and proper documentation of the organization, functions, policies, decisions, procedures, and essential transactions of the organization. This legal requirement applies to electronic records kept by the organizations as well. Organizations that do not consistently adhere to standard records management practices run the risk of not having records that can be depended upon in the course of subsequent business transactions or activities. This paper focuses on the various methodologies that organizations can implement in order to develop ECM/ERM strategies that are backed with electronic signature systems. It also gives an insight into the various ways through which organizations can implement good IT practices to complement or parallel existing records management practices. In systems implemented in line with ECM/ERM guidelines, developing the most efficient systems will form the core of organizational success. This will be achieved by making electronically signed records the core of organizational IT systems. The organizational IT professionals will come to terms with the fact that signatures are an integral part of the records they keep. If the records need to be preserved, whether for a short duration of time or permanently, then the organization is required to promote integrity of its records by electronically signing them in scheduled series. Additionally, this paper discusses the general principles that govern application of electronic signature technology in organizations. Organizations can accomplish electronic signatures through the use of different technologies such as Personal Identification Number (PIN), smart cards and biometrics. However, some organizations can decide to apply additional technology specific-record management systems. Introduction Records Life Cycle vs. System Development Life Cycle According to Adam (2008), the terms â€Å"records life cycle† and â€Å"system development life cycle† are significant concepts that are often confused in information technology and records management discussions. Records life cycle: The records life cycle refers to the life span of a record from the time it is created or received to its eventual disposition. The process is usually carried out in three main stages: creation, maintenance and use, and eventual disposition (Sampson, 2002). Majorly, this paper focuses on information creation stage since the electronic signature record is created at the initial stage of the records life cycle. The second stage, maintenance and use, is the part in the records life cycle in which the record is maintained at the organizational level while in active use, or is maintained when not in frequent use. The final stage of the records life cycle is disposition, which marks the ultimate fate finish to the record. Most organizational records are categorized as having either a â€Å"temporary† or â€Å"permanent† disposition status (Addey, 2002). Temporary records are held by organizations for stated periods before they are destroyed or deleted. On the other hand, permanent records are initially held by organizations before they are eventually transferred to state and other involved agencies. The eventual disposition of the electronically-signed records is subject to debate between the involved agency and the statutory bodies, in which some organizations may be authorized to dispose some of the records. System development life cycle: The â€Å"system development life cycle† gives a description of the developmental phases that an electronic information system entails. These phases typically include initiation, definition, design, development, deployment, operation, maintenance, enhancement, and retirement. The most important steps in all this are the definition, development, and refinement of the data model, which mostly involves treatment of the records being created or managed (Stephens, 2007). Information systems are developed according to system development methodologies, including those that organizations use to implement the electronic signature as required by the statutory bodies; which govern production and augmentation of existing records. The records life cycle usually exceeds the system development life cycle. When it does the organization involved needs to retain the particular record for a period of time longer than the life of the electronic information system that generated the electronic signature. However, this presents special challenges, such as maintaining the integrity of record in case of system migration. Background Characteristics of Trustworthy Organizational Records Reliability, authenticity, integrity, and usability are the features used to describe trustworthy records from a records management perspective. An organization needs to consider these features when laying implementation plans for ERM programs; such that it can meet its internal business and legal needs, as well as external regulations (Boiko, 2002). The degree of effort that an organization puts into ensuring that these characteristics are attained depends on the organizational business strategies and the structure of the market environment. Transactions that are of great importance to the organization require greater assurance level than those usable with transactions of less criticality to the organization Reliability: A reliable record is one that carries contents that can be trusted as a whole and actual representation of the transactions, activities, or facts to which it refers and can be relied upon in the subsequent transactions Authenticity: An authentic record is one that is proven to be what it purports to be and to have been created or sent by the person who purports to have created and sent it. A record should be created at the point in time of the transaction or incident to which it relates, or soon afterwards, by individuals who have direct knowledge of the facts or by instruments routinely used within the business to conduct the transaction (Wiggins, 2007). To demonstrate the authenticity of records, organizations should implement and document policies and procedures which control the creation, transmission, receipt, and maintenance of records to ensure that records designers are authorized and identified and that records are protected against unauthorized addition, deletion, and alteration. Integrity: The integrity of a record refers to the state of being complete and unchanged. It is essential that a record be protected against changes without signed permission. Records management policies and procedures should specify what, if any, additions or annotations may be made to a record after it is created, under what circumstances additions or annotations may be authorized, and the people authorized to make the changes. Any authorized annotation or addition to a record made after it is complete should be explicitly indicated as annotations or additions. Another aspect of integrity is the structural integrity of organizational records. The structure of a record refers to its physical and logical format; as well as the relationship between the data elements contained in the record. Failure to maintain the structural integrity of organizational records can easily impair reliability and authenticity of the record Usability: These are records that can be located, retrieved, presented, and interpreted. In any subsequent retrieval and use, the record needs to be directly connected to the business activity or transaction which produced it. It should be possible to identify a record within the context of broader business activities and functions. The connection between records which document a sequence of activities should be maintained. These contextual linkages of records should carry the information needed for an understanding of the transaction that created and used them. Preserving Trustworthy Records For a record to remain reliable, authentic, with its integrity maintained, and useable for as long as the record is needed, it is necessary that it’s content, context and sometimes structure is maintained. A trustworthy record preserves the actual content of the record itself and information about the record that draws relation to the context in which it was first designed and used. Specific contextual information will vary depending upon the business, legal, and regulatory requirements of the business activity (e. g. , issuing land use permits on Federal lands). It is also necessary to preserve the structure of the record, as well as the content arrangement. Failure to preserve the content structure of the record will affect its structural integrity. That, in turn, undermines the record’s reliability and authenticity; which is of great essence. There are special considerations when dealing with the preservation of the content, context, and structure of records that are made possible by Electronic Record Management through electronic signatures: †¢ Content: The electronic signature or signatures in a record are part of the content. They give a clear indication on who signed a record and whether that person gave approval for the record content. In organizations, multiple signatures are an indication of initial approval and subsequent approvals. It should be understood that in ERM, signatures should accompanied by dates and other identifiers such as organizational titles. All of these peripherals are part of the content of the record and needs to be kept well. Lack of this information seriously impairs the reliability and authenticity of a record †¢ Context: Some electronic signature technologies are centered on individual identifiers which are not embedded in the record content, trust paths, and other means used to create and verify the validity of an electronic signature. This information is not inclusive of the record content but is nevertheless significant. It provides contextual support to the record since it provides evidence that can be used to support the authenticity and reliability of the record. Lack of these contextual records seriously impairs subsequent attempts to verify validity of the organizational records. †¢ Structure: Preserving the structure of a record means that the physical and logical formats of a record are well drawn. In doing this, organizations must ensure that the physical and logical formats of the record elements remain intact physically and logically. An organization may find it necessary to maintain the record structural form through the use of an electronic signature. In that case, the organization is required to preserve both the hardware and software that created the electronic signature, which can either be encryption algorithms or chips. This ensures that the electronic record can be revalidated at a later time when required Advantages and disadvantages of using ECM/ERM systems in organizations The main advantage of organizations using ECM/ERM approaches in organizations is the fact that it offers the platform to verify the validity of records. There are various approaches that organizations can use to achieve trustworthiness of electronically-signed records within their systems over time. This requires that organizations choose an approach that is applicable, fit for their particular line of business; as well as risk assessment The first approach may involve an organization deciding to maintain adequate documentation of its records’ validity. This involves maintaining of adequate documentation of the records such as, trust verification of records gathered at or near the time of record signing. This record keeping approach enables organizations to retain contextual information through an adequate document processes carried out at the time the record was electronically-signed, along with the electronically-signed record itself. The additional contextual information is then retained for as long as the electronically-signed record is retained. Thus the agency preserves the signature’s validity and meets the adequacy of documentation requirements by retaining the contextual information that documented the validity of the electronic signature at the time the record was signed. Maintaining adequate documentation of validity gathered at or near the time of record signing may be preferable for records that have permanent or long-term retentions since it is less dependent on technology and much more easily maintained as technology evolves over time (Rockley, 2003). However, using this approach, the signature name may not remain readable over time because of bit-wise deterioration in the record or as a result of technological obsolescence. Agencies must ensure that for permanent records the printed name of the signer and the date when the signature was executed be included as part of any human readable form (such as electronic display or printout) of the electronic record. Similarly, an organization may opt to maintain the capacity to re-validate digital signatures. The re-validation approach demands that an organization retains the ability to revalidate the digital signature, together with the electronically-signed record itself. The information necessary for revalidation (i. e. , the public key used to validate the signature, the certificate related to that key, and the certificate revocation list from the certificate authority that corresponds to the time of signing) must be retained for as long as the digitally-signed record is retained. Both contextual and structural information of the record must be retained. This is of benefit to the organization since it can review it records over time effectively (Jenkins, 2005). However, this approach of record keeping is potentially burdensome, particularly for records that are digitally signed records with long retention requirements. Conclusions Record keeping is consistently becoming a priority for many organizations with advancement in technology. The challenging part is keeping up with the drastic options that are being launched within short periods. As discussed in this paper, the most efficient method of managing organizational records is through the adoption of Electronic Content Management or Electronic Record Management systems (Halvorson, 2009). This is mostly achieved by electronically signing records depending on their importance and usage in the organization. In doing this, organizations are able protect the reliability, authenticity, integrity, and usability, as well as the confidentiality, and legitimacy of their records. When implementing electronic signature technology, organizations are expected to accord special consideration to the use of electronic signatures in electronic records that preserve organizational legal rights. This is based on the fact that long-term temporary and permanent electronically signed records have greater longevity than typical software obsolescence cycles, it is certain that organizations will be required to migrate those records to updated versions of software to maintain access to the records (Hackos, 2002). The software migration (as opposed to media migration) process may invalidate the digital signature embedded in the record. This may adversely affect an agency’s ability to recognize or enforce the legal rights documented in those records. References Adam, A. (2008). Implementing electronic document and record management systems. Boca Raton: Auerbach Publications. Addey, D. (2002). Content management systems. Birmingham: Glasshaus, cop. Boiko, B. (2005) Content Management Bible. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. Hackos, T. (2002). Content management for dynamic web delivery. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Halvorson, K. (2009). Content strategy for the web. Indianapolis: New Riders. Jenkins, T. (2005). Enterprise content management: what you need to know; [turning content into competitive advantage]. Waterloo: Open Text Corp. Rockley, A. (2003). Managing enterprise content: a unified content strategy. Indianapolis: New Riders. Sampson, K. (2002). Value-added records management: protecting corporate assets, reducing business risks. West port: Quorum Books. Stephens, D. (2007). Records management: making the transition from paper to electronic. Alexa: ARMA. Wiggins, B. (2000). Effective document management: unlocking corporate knowledge. Aldershot: Gower.

Demian And Desires Essays - Software, Gaming, First-person Shooters

Demian And Desires Essays - Software, Gaming, First-person Shooters Demian And Desires Desires & Dreams In the story, Demian, desires play an important role. When Sinclaire follows his desires something good almost always comes out of it. When Sinclaire does not follow his desires and dreams something bad occurs. For example, when Sinclaire first became friends with Franz Kromer. Sinclaire had a bad feeling about Franz, but ignored it. Since he ignored his desire and his feeling not to be friends with Franz, Sinclaire pretty much got tricked with the orchard incident. Sinclaire knew there was something bad about Franz, he could sense it, but he ignored the gut feeling and just got himself in a mess. Sinclaire quoted, Side by side with this I lived in a world of dreams and drives and desires of a chthonic nature Sinclaires feelings prove to be valuable throughout the story. Max Demian was a book full of rumors. People stayed away from him. Sinclaire saw something different, something interesting in Demian, therefore causing the two to converse and make friends. This relationship is one of the most important in both of their lives. In conclusion, when Sinclaire follows his desires and feelings almost everything will turn out for the good. To listen to the heart can be the best guidance in ones life. This is what I learned from this book.

Silver Service Essays

Silver Service Essays Silver Service Paper Silver Service Paper Chaper8 Silver service 1 what is silver service? -Style of catering where the food is delivered to the table on a platter held by the waiter and served to the customer’s plate using a folk and spoon . 2 Which side of the guest do you stand for silver service? -Left of the guest 3 what are the limitations of using the thread method of holding the service gear? -Each different items need to be served by different service gear required. 4 How do you pick up small items of food? -To remove your index finger in wedge method. What sort of things are served with two fish knives instead of the usual service gear? -Soft or large items requiring more support than can be given by a service spoon and fork. 6 In which direction should the gear be moving as you pick up food from the service plate? -The service gear is moving towards you. 7 How would you plan the presentation of the food on the plate? -we need to consider the other items to be served . ex) separating two different color item for visual balance 8 How and when are sauces served in silver service? It should not be carried on the same serving dish as the food . They are offered and served separately using as sauce-boat and a serving spoon. A spoon is used to serve them and serve the sauce from the left of the guest. 9 Where are other accompaniments placed? -They are placed to the left of the main item. Chapter9 Clearing Table 1 How can you tell when all the guests have finished a course? -Guest usually indicate that by placing their cutlery together on plate or we can ask them. 2 Describe the two-plate clearing technique. 1) At the back right hand corner pick up the plate with your right hand. 2) Transfer the plate to your left hand, holding it between the thumb n index finger. Use the knife to move the scrap items to the front of the plate3) place the knife under the handle of the folk 4) Moving around the table pick up second used plate n its cutlery 5) Transfer the second plate to your left hand positio n it on a platform above the first plate supporting it with your ring finger, your little finger n the base of your thumb n lower forearm. ) place the fork alongside the other fork on the first plate n using the knife push the scraps down off the second plate onto the front of the first plate to join the scraps already there. 7) place the knife alongside the knife on the first plate8) Moving around the table collect the remaining plates n cutlery. 3 Where should the dirty plates be held? -Station(Sideboard) or Dishwashing machine 4 How is the cutlery prevented from falling off the plate as it piles up? -place the knife under the handle of the fork at right angles to it. Describe the three –plate clearing technique. 1) At the back right hand corner pick up the plate with your right hand. 2) Transfer the plate to your left hand, holding it between the thumb n index finger. Use the knife to move the scrap items to the front of the plate3) place the knife under the handle of the folk 4) Moving around the table pick up second used plate n its cutlery5) place the second plate in the crease of the palm of your left hand under the edge of the first plate supporting it by your ring and little fingers. Place the fork alongside the fork on the first plate n using the knife move the scrap items from the first plate down onto the second plate. Place the knife alongside the knife on the first plate. 6) Moving round the table pick up the next guest’s used plate. 7) place the third plate so that it sits on the flat of your forearm n the rim of the second plate. Place the fork alongside the forks on the first plate n use the knife to move the scraps onto the second plate place the knife alongside the other knives on the first plate. )Continue collecting the plates, stacking the additional plates on the third plate, transferring the scraps onto the second plate n placing the knives n forks neatly on the first plate. 6 What is the advantage of the three-plate clearing technique? -Scrap food items and the used cutlery are carried on separate plates. 7 How many plates should you collect at once? -As many plates as you can. 8 What technique is used to collect side plates at the same tim e as dinner plates? -Using the two plate or the three plate technique. 9 When should side plates be collected separately from dinner plates? If there are more than four guests at the table. 10 How should unusually shaped plates be collected? -They should not be stacked but held separately from used dishes, using the two or three plate carrying method. Chapter17 End of service procedures 1 Why are the two purposes of a bill? -To inform the guest of the amount to be paid , To act as a control system for the establishment. 2 Why is important to present the bill promptly? -They may earn a reputation for slow service. Bringing bill late is one of the reasons that makes guest feel annoyed. What should you do with the bill if it is not clear who is the host? -place the bill in the centre of the table 4 What is the procedure for accepting payment by credit card? -Check that the establishment accepts the kind of card presented and its expiry date. If it has been signed. 5 Why should you neve r stand and wait for a tip? -Waiter has absolutely no right to a tip because it is a bonus for especially satisfying service. 6 How can you make a good impression when farewelling guests? -If it’s possible remember the guest’s name and wish them â€Å"good evening† and thank them for coming. You should make sure that guests take their personal belongings with them when they leave . What items are they particularly likely to forget? -Coats, hats and BYO bags, umbrella 8 How should you carry cups and saucers when clearing a table? -They should be carried using either two or three plate carrying technique. Do not stack the cups 9 How should workstations be left? -They are restocked with cleaned, polished equipment. Chapter 19 Function operation 1 What does the hospitality industry mean by ‘a function’? -Offering novice opportunity to gain part-time employment and establish themselves. Write down six different styles of function which might need the ser vices of waiters. -Wedding/ Conference/Birthday party/office party/Engagement party/Christmas party 3 What is the purpose of the ‘Function sheet’? -In order to record and confirm the detail of function 4 What should a function cover consist of ? -Dessert covers /Glassware/Cups and saucers 5 In what circumstances do function staff work in teams? -At large function, to preserve a smooth and quick level of service 6 What is the job of the runners in a function team? Picking up plated items from the kitchen and transferring them to a service area within the dining room. 7 How many five-person teams do you think would be necessary to serve a standard three- course dinner for a function with 500 guests? -3teams of five 8 In what ways might correct drinks service be different at a large function compared with a dinner for four in a restaurant? -At large function, there are two separate team one for the beverage and the other one is for serving food. The beverage must be served alternately with the food. FB Service Management

Egypt and Sumer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Egypt and Sumer - Essay Example The reference to Re (the sun, also spelled Ra) indicates a primitive understanding that both flooding and sun are necessary factors for crop growth and life, which may be why Hymn to Ra proved equally important. Hymn to Ra emphasizes the polytheistic nature of Egyptian society and provides an early account of the origins of humankind, wisdom, and love – attributing them all to Ra, the sun. Overall, both works suggest that early Egyptians were fairly united in their beliefs, collectivistic, had little understanding of natural causes (flooding), anthromorphized important natural phenomena (the sun, the river Nile), were a patriarchal society (important Gods are construed as male), were present-oriented in their desires (food, water, shelter), believed that human action could in some way shape natural events (sacrifices could prevent floods), and on some level, saw or believed in actual interaction between physical and spiritual phenomena (the offering of sacrifices (physical) to the Nile as a God (spiritual)). Hymn to Ra in particular, emphasizes the impermanent nature of death and a mind-body dichotomy –the spirit (but not the body) could return after death, morality/conscience/wisdom were controlled and instilled from outside, and behavior, as opposed to intent and preceding thought was important. In contrast to the Egyptian sources, the Epic of Gilgamesh in particular appears to place greater emphasis on desires of the spirit, nourishment of the soul, morality, and conscience as opposed to the meeting of physical needs. In this way, it is less primitive than the Egyptian sources and considers more of the higher-level complexities of â€Å"humanness† than either of the Egyptian sources (sex, friendship, betrayal). Rather than praying to avoid death, as the Egyptians do in Ode to the Nile and Hymn to Ra, the Epic of Gilgamesh implies that life is defined and made meaningful by the deadline

Poetry Terms ( eye rhyme) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Poetry Terms ( eye rhyme) - Essay Example However once pronounced, they change and start rhyming hence beginning to make perfect sense. The eye rhyme is normally classified in the group of rhymes defined by nature of similarity. This classification is so because the rhyming words are usually similar in pronunciation and hence very easy to capture them when a poem is being read. This type of rhyming according to poets and other poetry experts is usually highly conventional that is represented in a highly symbolic form yet it is simplified at the same time and in most cases it acts as a reflection of historical changes in the pronunciation for example the words why and envy or even love, move and prove. When said that they reflect historic times, it simply means that this type of rhyme has been there from the early years in the English poems (especially those written during renaissance period) but they have only been recognized as eye rhymes by modern poets. This is true for an eye rhyme like slaughter and laughter. Eye rhymes can also be said to be half rhymes or slant rhymes which have very slight repetition of sounds and pronunciation for example hill and full. The rhyming words are also almost close but not exact and the difference is majorly noted during pronunciation of these words as they have different spellings. Another example of this is glorious and nefarious. The famous American poet Emily Dickinson also is fond of using half rhymes or eye rhymes in her works. This is evident in one of her poems â€Å"Hope is the thing with feathers† where there are the words soul and all (Eliopulos and Todd 48). The eye rhymes according to other poetry works are also known as sight rhymes. This is because they involve words that are similar in pronunciation but different when it comes to spelling for example sight and right. The trick in eye rhymes for those who are not poets or poetry experts is therefore to understand the meaning of the eye rhyme so that

Economic class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economic class - Essay Example The models fitted well into the turnarain framework while the attention [paid to the link between market forces and institutional development made a richer discussion. The emphasis on foreign and external demand sources to trigger growth has much more appeal that those explanations that are based upon supply forces and that seem to lack a starting mechanism. Regional specialization and possibilities for inter-regional trade in the antebellum Unites States have intrigued economists and historians alike. The works of Douglass C. North have stimulated a lot of research on the location and the growth of industries and populations. The issue of economics of slavery complemented the study of regional development. Discussion revolves around Southern development, both in the agricultural and manufacturing sector, with particular attention being paid to the question to which the south was successful or could have been successful in feeding itself as well as producing staples for export. The e vidence collected by various researchers indicated that the south was largely independent of the western food supplies (Herbst Lawarence 1975, 264-270). The basic model used by North bares resemblance to that by Innis as the "staple

Market Research and Marketing Research Essay Example for Free

Market Research and Marketing Research Essay Research is the process of gathering, processing and analyzing information on markets. The scope of such research is limited to the study of markets and does not include studies on the brand or product to be marketed. Market research is a subset of marketing research. Marketing Research is the process of gathering, processing and analyzing information for the purpose of marketing a product. It includes, but is not limited to market research. Marketing research extends to other areas of marketing activity like: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Studies on consumer behavior Brand and positioning research Research on product and packaging Research on communication strategies and advertising channels and their effectiveness Studies on sales promotion strategies and effects of discounts and sales promotion strategies on customer buying and consumption habits 6. Brand perception studies 1 Difference between Qualitative vs. Quantitative 2 Importance of Marketing Research The importance of marketing research in management extends to intelligent decision making, maximizing profits, increasing the sales, minimizing the risks and ascertaining whether a new product will be profitable in a given market at a given time. What is Marketing Research? This research can be defined as the process of gathering recording and analyzing the data related to certain products and services. This need for market research is derived from the concept that only by understanding the needs and wants of the target audience and by effectively meeting them, you will be able to achieve the organizational goals and surpass the competition n the specific market. Thus, arises the need to collect data about the customers, competitors, and other forces in the marketplace. This data in turn is collected and analyzed to make relevant marketing decisions, be it in relation to setting up a business, developing a product, creating a brand or coming up with an advertising campaign. What is t he Importance of Marketing Research? To Make Marketing Decisions: This research helps the marketers to make a decision about the product or service. Sometimes a marketer might believe that the new product or service is useful for the customers. However, research may show that customers do not need a product or are meeting their needs with a certain competitor product and so on. Similarly good research strives to provide options for the successful introduction of new products and services. This makes the market entry of a new product or service less risky. Survive the Competition: Marketing research helps in ascertaining and understanding competitor information such as their identity, marketing network, customer focus and scale of operations. This helps in surviving and in certain cases, even leaving behind the competition. Moreover, with market research you can also help understand the under-served consumer segments and consumer needs that have not 3 been met. Helps to Decide Target Markets: Research helps provide customer information in terms of their location, age, buying behavior and gender. This helps the marketers zero in on the target markets and customers for their products and services. Maximize Profits: Apart from profit maximizing steps such as item optimization, customer profitability analysis, and price elasticity, marketing research allows you to find out methods that can help you maximize profits. For example, a products price elasticity research can help you ascertain the impact of an increased price on the sales and the profits of a product. This emphasis on profitability also helps the companys focus to shift from maximizing sales to increasing the profits of a company. This helps the company survive in the long run and maximize its profits. Increasing the Sales: Increasing the sales of your products or services helps a company in maximizing its profits. By understanding the customers needs, wants and attitude towards the products and determining whether your products fit the bill, marketers can increase their sales. This helps in not only increasing the sales to the target customers and people already using the product but also converting the non users into customers for the product. With an understanding of the customer, competitors, products and the overall industry needs, this research can equip the management with the power to make better decisions. However, the importance of marketing research is limited to just being a marketing tool that helps you make an informed decision. So rather than basing all your management decisions on a customer survey, use this tool as a guide and supplement it with intelligent decision making.

Character Analysis Of Kino From the Pearl :: essays research papers

Kino, a character from the story "The Pearl," is a prime example of a developing character. From the start through to the end, he develops drastically. At the beginning, he was thought out to be a good loyal husband but as time went on he became a selfish, greedy person who would do anything for money.When the story began Kino seemed to be a good husband who wanted nothing more than to be able to support his family. After a scorpion had stung Coyotito, Kino prayed that he would find a pearl not to become a rich man but so that he could pay the doctor to heal the baby, as he would not work free.After Kino had spent long hard hours searching the ocean floor, he finally found the pearl he had worked for. At first when he found it, he only wanted to pay the doctor to cure Coyotito. However as time passed he began to think of all the things that he could acquire with the money form the pearl and began to develop greed and selfishness. When people asked him what he would buy now that he was a rich man, he was quick to list several items that came to his mind. One of these items was a rifle. Kino wanted a rifle because he wanted to show power over the rest of his village.When Kino took the pearl to the pearl buyers to sell, he was offered one thousand pesos. Kino declined that offer claiming that his pearl was "The Pearl of the World." By reacting in such a manner he yet again demonstrates his greed. It is not about saving Coyotito anymore, for he is already feeling well, it is now about the money. Although one thousand pesos was more money than Kino had ever seen he demanded that he would get fifty thousand pesos.Later in the text, Kino discovers Juana trying to destroy the pearl, causing Kino to become very angry, and resulted in him beating her. Although Juana was in very much pain she accepted the beating as if it were a punishment and stayed with Kino. A while later Kino was attacked by another man who wanted the pearl for himself and defended his pearl by killing the man. It is around this point in the story where Kino displays his greatest point of greed and selfishness.

Feminism in Pop Culture

Many myths and misconceptions float around the term ‘Feminism’. It is a movement that is frequently projected as being violent, aggressive, and full of ‘bra burning’ extremists. The word alone often evokes reactions among people that are negative, uncomplimentary and stereotypical. The disturbing of the patriarchal paradigm was a phenomenon that became prominent only in the Twentieth Century. Historically speaking women have always numerically outnumbered men, but through the system of patriarchy they have been suppressed by political, economic and social machinery. The difference between Gender and Sex When trying to examine feminism we must keep in mind the subtle difference between ‘gender’ and ‘sex’. For example, if a man were to dress or behave like a woman, it would not change the fact that he is still biologically a man, and here is where the difference lies. When we use the term ‘gender’, we are referring to a social construct, a store knowledge that has developed over generations that helps us in our identification of a person as a man or a woman. A person’s sex on the other hand is purely biological. A primary argument of feminist theory is that arbitrary allocations such as this that are constructs of society are completely devoid of any genuine value. Thus the duty of feminism, in one sense, involves the subversion of existing patriarchal paradigms by questioning phallocentric, or penis-centred, sources of power. Patriarchy and the Woman The term ‘Patriarchy’ itself can be broadly defined as an ideological system of belief that privileges males over females. This is a complex system that employs androcentric values, rituals and practices in order to maintain status quo. Another means of control involves patriarchy passing itself off as the so-called ‘norm’ or the ‘right’ way in which a society must divide itself, and regards the Female as a departure from this ‘norm’ and treats her as ‘the other’, a notion that only reinforces the sharp cleavage between the two sexes. As a result of this treatment, the decisions of a society are based on whatever the man decides, whereas everything else is lumped together as ‘the other’, the Female. It is however ironic that patriarchy itself requires the co-operation of the Female in order to subjugate her, making her a willing participant in her own suppression. As the French feminist Simone de Beauvoir put it so aptly in her seminal book, ‘The Second Sex’, published in 1949, ‘One is not born, but rather becomes a woman. ’, a statement that raises our consciousness to the disparity between the male ‘norm’ and the female ‘other’. It was indeed French Feminism that first brought to light the fact that all western languages are irredeemably male-engendered, male constituted and male-dominated. Discourse itself is phallocentric as seen in its vocabulary, syntax, rules of logic and its tendency for classification and opposition as well as the need for objective knowledge. Definitions of Feminist Literary Criticism There are multiple definitions that can be applied to Feminist Literary criticism. It differs from other schools of critical theory in that it does not derive its literary principles from a single authoritative figure or from a body of sacred texts. This is quite unlike other approaches such as Psychoanalysis, Marxism or Deconstruction, which can all be attributed to their primary exponents, Freud, Marx and Derrida respectively. Feminist theory has evolved from several sources, with several feminist thinkers contributing to the canon. Moreover, critical theory used in readings of Woman’s literature borrows from other disciplines such as History, Anthropology, Linguistics, Psychoanalysis and Marxism. It was a form of criticism created by literary and academic women who participated in the women’s liberation movement in the late 1960s. Kate Millet’s book, ‘Sexual Politics’ (1870) was the first major treatise on feminist criticism, and also represented a strong political argument for women’s rights. The Dictionary of Concepts in Literary Criticism and Theory defines Feminist Criticism as ‘The understanding and analysis of and response to literary works, and/or language and/or the institution of literary study or theory from the point of view of women’s experience. ’ â€Å"Feminist Criticism†, says Elaine Showalter, in her book ‘New Feminist Criticism’, â€Å"has established gender as a fundamental category of literary analysis. † Her article, ‘Dancing through the Minefield’ has also made some observations on the politics and practice of feminist criticism. She also points out that the earlier groups of feminist critics were preoccupied with the gender bias in writing, whereas the later group of gynocritics studied women as writers. Another columnist, Annette Kolodny, defines feminist criticism as â€Å"An acute and impassioned attentiveness to the ways in which primarily male structures of power are encoded within our literary inheritance, and the consequences of that encoding for women†¦ not only for a better understanding of the past but also for an improved recording of the present and the future. This form of criticism, as a self-aware and concerted approach to literature came into being in the late 1960s, as a part of the international woman’s movement. One of the first areas it looked into and challenged was literature, where it was always assumed that the representative reader, writer and critic were all male. The historical background and watershed marks in Feminist Criticism Behind the movement in the 1960s, however, lay two centuries of struggle, represented only by a few texts such as Mary Wollstonecraft’s ‘The vindication of the Rights of Women’ (1792). A later book, this time by John Stuart Mill, ‘The Subjection of Women’ (1869) was also brought to the fore. It suggested that the Wife was a family’s source of sustenance, and therefore the empowerment of the generations could be achieved only by empowering The Woman. The next seminal work in Feminist Criticism was penned by Virginia Woolf in 1929. Called ‘A Room of One’s Own’, the book talked about the major directions in which feminist explorations of literature needed to develop. The book is rich with insights about the absence of women writers and readers, and the probable fate to which the hypothetical ‘Sister of Shakespeare’, blessed with equal or greater genius, would have been consigned to thanks to socio-cultural obstacles of the age. In it, Woolf’s contention is that ‘A woman must have money and a room (referring to space, privilege and opportunity) of her own if she is to write [fiction]. † Other significant books include Toril Moi’s ‘Sexual/Textual Politics’ (1985) and Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar’s ‘No Mans Land: The Place of the Woman Writer in the 20th Century’. These texts introduced the principles of feminist literary theory to the world. Their purpose was to offer feminist readings of texts that looked at the images and the stereotypes of women in literature as well as the omissions and misconceptions about women in criticism and ‘women-as-sign’ in semiotic systems. This kind of criticism concerns itself with developing a specifically female framework for dealing with works written by women, in all aspects of their production, including analysis and interpretation in ll literary forms and expressions, including journalism and popular culture, like Patricia Mayers-Spack’s ‘The Female Imagination’, Ellen Moer’s ‘Literary Women’, Elaine Showalter’s ‘A Literature of their Own: British Women Novelists from Bronte to Lessing’, or Gilbert and Gubar’s ‘The Mad Woman in the Attic’, a reference to Bertha Mason, who is ‘usually in some sense the author ’s double, (the other) an image of her own anxiety and rage. ’ Through the women’ liberation movement, literary criticism drew a connection between the lived lives of thousands of women who studied and taught literature. An important area of research was the limited secondary roles of fictional heroines and other feminine stereotypes in canonical literature. The Role of Feminist Criticism Feminist criticism, developing in tandem with the women’s liberation movement brought in a dual perspective that brought about a reappraisal of texts, looked at the construction of gender through language and the gendering of text, and examined the representation of women in literature and the exclusion of women as fictional characters, authors and readers. As far as literature is concerned, the role of Feminist criticism was to look at canonical literary works and the manner in which they represent women as stereotypes, and to develop theories for sexual differences in reading, writing and literary interpretation. It brings to the fore and establishes ‘gender’ as a fundamental category of literary analysis, and takes into account the fact that the vast majority of what is conceded to be the ‘literary canon’ is by and large authored by men, based on masculine norms and values, and women’s writing therefore is either excluded or undervalued in canonical literature, criticism and theory. Feminist critics also look at the representation of female experiences in literature. They reason that because a major aspect of literature is the reporting of our biological sense experiences, it would be impossible for the male to authentically capture an entirely feminine experience such as menstruation or childbirth. Feminist criticism also bases itself on two other primary assumptions: That gender is constructed through language (by way of political incorrect words and phrases such as ‘chairman’, ‘male nurse’ or ‘actor and actress’), and that writing strategies are sex-related and therefore misogynistic. Feminist criticism also shows that women readers, critics and writers bring different perceptions and expectations to their literary experiences, and insist that women have important stories to tell of their own culture. This kind of criticism opened space that now extended beyond the study of only women writers and now included the reappraisal of all literature that makes up our heritage. Feminist critics look at literary representation of sexual differences, and how literature shapes masculine and feminine values, privileging one set over another. The aim of feminist criticism therefore becomes to re-examine male texts, emphasize writing by women by charting a new literary history that includes neglected texts, a female tradition created by a sub-community of women writers who found support from their literary foremothers and so become role models for younger female writers. They also look at the oral tradition and other extra-literary expressions. Another aim involves the creation of new reading and writing collectives, libraries, publishing houses, social centres, colleges and so on. Feminist criticism confronts the problem of the feminist reader by offering new methods and fresh critical evaluation of issues, such as the mother-daughter cultural and relational aspect. Another major concern of Gynocritics is to identify what is taken to be distinctly feminine subject matter in literature written by women, the idea of sisterhood and female bonding, domesticity, gestation, birth, motherhood, mother-daughter or woman-woman relationships, etc. They also undertake to show that there is a distinctive feminine mode of experience or subjectivity in thinking, feeling, valuing and perceiving the self and others. French Feminism Related to this is the specification of the traits of women’s language and its distinctive style of speech and writing. Women must write in a way in which they can avoid the pitfalls of phallocentric language mentioned earlier, in a style represented by the term ‘ecriture feminine’ or writing in the feminine, a concept that was a product of French feminism. Helene Cixous, its main exponent, credited with authoring its manifesto, ‘The Laugh of Medusa’ (1975), stated that ecriture feminine is to be found in metaphors of female sexuality and women’s libidinal differences. Another critic, Luce Irigary, talks about women’s writing and its evasion of the male monopoly by replacing the monolithic phallus by the diversity, fluidity and multiple possibilities represented by female sexuality. These critics believe that women must try to resurrect the ‘feminine-feminine’ which possibly lies in the unconscious of all women. Julia Kristeva speaks of a pre-natal, pre-linguistic, pre-oedipal and unsystematic signifying language between the mother and the infant centred on the mother that she labels as semiotic and abstract, as opposed to the symbolic or letter based language of the father. Semiotic writing disrupts phallocentric writing because it is free from oppressive order and rationality. Both men and women can write in this mode, which deconstructs masculine structures of knowledge and attacks patriarchy and its language. The overall aim of ecriture feminine is therefore to allow a woman to write of, from and about their bodies. French feminist theory has contributed significantly to feminist literary criticism by studying the relationship between women, psychology and language. Currently feminist criticism employs a wide range of approaches and addresses a variety of issues of feminist interest. This is called ‘Playful Pluralism’. The oft-asserted goal of feminist critics has been to enlarge and re-order, or in some cases entirely displace the (patriarchal) literary canon. Feminist studies have served to raise the stakes of many female authors who were erstwhile neglected or even overlooked.

Theme of Responsibility in the Sun Also Rises

Brett Ashley, the main female character, renounces responsibility of her actions regarding romance by her refusal to face the suffering she causes. Finally, a primary method these characters use to excuse their irresponsibility is by Indulging in their alcoholism. This group of people believes that there Is nothing they can do to change their current state of discontent, thus ultimately renouncing their responsibility to themselves. Jake Barney's Irresponsibility manifests In his relationship with others, be It friends or acquaintances.Early in the novel Jake introduces Robert Cohn as his reined. However, he does not take this responsibility of a friend very seriously. When Jake, Cohn and Francis are in a cafe, Jake does not acknowledge the relationship between Francis and Cohn, and proceeds to talk about a trip with Cohn to Strasbourg with a guide girl who is just â€Å"swell† (14). That Jake needs Cohn to explain why the subject is touchy around Francis demonstrates the lack of care Jake has towards Cohn. A friend would understand Conn's situation and avoid topics that could cause inconvenience to him.This uncaring attitude is further portrayed when it is shown hat It Is Sake's plan to get rid of Cohn by offering him a drink as a â€Å"graceful exit† (19) when he needs to clear his head after the drink. Even more telling than the last two events Is the fact that when Cohn and Francis are having a row about Cohn not marrying her, Jake Just sits there and watches. When Francis Is verbally abusing Cohn, Jake does not â€Å"even feel an impulse to try and stop it† (56), he doesn't care that his friend is being attacked nor does it bother him.Sake's only response to the fiasco between Francis and Cohn was that â€Å"there is nothing [he] can do† (55). This cold attitude is evident throughout the novel and reveals that Jake is indeed an irresponsible friend. Moreover, Sake's interactions with acquaintances such as Aggregate and Mrs.. Bra dford further reinforce this characteristic Irresponsibility. When Jack encounters Aggregate Hobble, they are Invited to dance with Mrs.. Breadboard's group. He Introduces Aggregate as his fiance and as Aggregate Labeled, a famous singer, poking fun at both Mrs..Bravado's and Aggregate. With this Introduction he makes fun of both Mrs.. Breadboard's naivetà ©, and Surrogate's lack of importance. The introduction expansible person would not have lied about another person without a warning. This action displays a high level of carelessness and irresponsibility. Although Jake is a sensitive person; he often treats others as inconsequential objects. This is why he often acts so irresponsibly. Beret's romantic interactions between different men reveal another sense of irresponsibility written in the novel.Brett is a beautiful classy woman and is the center of the conflict in this story. She is the primary cause of tension between the characters, but she refuses to acknowledge her part in this conflict. In the cab ride he shares with Jake, she confesses that she feels â€Å"miserable† (32) and that she is going through â€Å"hell† (34), but her actions show no remorse over what she has done. For example, she repeatedly professes that she loves Jake but oftentimes scorns him immediately after.The repetition of such an act begs to question whether she really loves Jake or feels responsible for his pain, as every time she rejects him she hurts him. Even though her upcoming marriage with Mike seems to be the manifestation of a responsible romance, she never writes back to Mike and still approaches Roomer despite her supposed commitment. Furthermore, even though Brett is going to marry Mike, she never says that she loves him. She mentions to Jake that she â€Å"haven't thought about him for weeks† (69) implies that she does not really care for him.Further in the novel Brett states that she hates Conn's â€Å"damn suffering† (186) as if she did not know she was the cause of it. It reflects that even though she causes pain for others, she hates to feel bad about it. This being the case, Jake is the perfect target for Brett because he suffers through her manipulation but never shows it to her. This allows her to cast off her part of the responsibility for his pain. Brett also states that she has â€Å"never been able to help anything† (187), suggesting that she feels that she has no control over how she manipulates the men around her.She does not take the blame for the results of her actions, and casts off her responsibility. Near the end, Roomer gifts a severed bull's ear to Brett. Brett then proceeds to hide it in a drawer and never sees it again. Roomer's act of cutting off the bull's ear is similar to the act of castration which is exactly what Brett does to the men around her. By disposing of the ears it demonstrates how little she cares for what she has done to Jake and Cohn and reveals how Brett is unwilling t o take responsibility and face the gruesome results of her cruel manipulations.The characters in this novel consume alcohol whenever the situation allows, and it is used as an excuse for much of their irresponsibility. Several characters use drunkenness to Justify their inappropriate actions. Brett comes to Sake's house early in the morning and wakes him up for trivial matters. She also misses her appointment with Jake later in the novel because is drunk. Jake wasn't Just the victim though, Jake is happy to be drunk at the dance party with Aggregate because it lets IM be more careless as well as more impulsive in regards to Cohn Prettiness's Mrs..